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The United Nations in December 2019 passed a resolution that established an open-ended ad hoc committee. This committee was tasked to develop a ‘comprehensive international convention on countering the use of ICTs for criminal purposes’. The UN Convention on Cybercrime is an initiative of the UN member states to foster the principles of international cooperation and establish legal frameworks to provide mechanisms for combating cybercrime. The negotiations for the convention had started in early 2022. It became the first binding international criminal justice treaty to have been negotiated in over 20 years upon its adoption by the UN General Assembly.  

This convention addresses the limitations of the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime by encircling a broader range of issues and perspectives from the member states. The UN Convention against Cybercrime will open for signature at a formal ceremony hosted in Hanoi, Viet Nam, in 2025. The convention will finally enter into force 90 days after being ratified by the 40th signatory.

Objectives and Features of the Convention

• The UN Convention against Cybercrime addresses various aspects of cybercrime. These include prevention, investigation, prosecution and international cooperation. 
• The convention aims to establish common standards for criminalising cyber offences. These include offences like hacking, identity theft, online fraud, distribution of illegal content, etc. It outlines procedural and technical measures for law enforcement agencies for effective investigation and prosecution while ensuring due process and privacy protection. 
• Emphasising the importance of cross-border collaboration among member states, the convention provides mechanisms for mutual legal assistance, extradition and sharing of information and expertise. The convention aims to enhance the capacity of developing countries to combat cybercrime through technical assistance, training, and resources. 
• It seeks to balance security measures with the protection of fundamental rights. The convention highlights the importance of safeguarding human rights and privacy in cybercrime investigations and enforcement.
• The Convention emphasises the importance of prevention through awareness campaigns, education, and the promotion of a culture of cybersecurity. It encourages collaborations through public-private partnerships to enhance cybersecurity measures and raise awareness, such as protecting vulnerable groups like children, from cyber threats and exploitation.

Key Provisions of the UN Cybercrime Convention

Some key provisions of the Convention are as follows:

• The convention differentiates cyber-dependent crimes like hacking from cyber-enabled crimes like online fraud. It defines digital evidence and establishes standards for its collection, preservation, and admissibility in legal proceedings.
• It defines offences against confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer data and includes unauthorised access, interference with data, and system sabotage. Further, content-related offences include provisions against distributing illegal content, such as CSAM and hate speech. It criminalises offences like identity theft, online fraud and intellectual property violations.
• LEAs are provided with tools for electronic surveillance, data interception, and access to stored data, subject to judicial oversight. It outlines the mechanisms for cross-border investigations, extradition, and mutual legal assistance.
• The establishment of a central body to coordinate international efforts, share intelligence, and provide technical assistance includes the involvement of experts from various fields to advise on emerging threats, legal developments, and best practices.

Comparisons with the Budapest Convention

The Budapest Convention was adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe at the 109th Session on 8 November 2001. This Convention was the first international treaty that addressed internet and computer crimes. A comparison between the two Conventions is as follows:

• The global participation in the UNCC is inclusive of all UN member states whereas the latter had primarily European with some non-European signatories. 
• The scope of the UNCC is broader and covers a wide range of cyber threats and cybercrimes, whereas the Budapest convention is focused on specific offences like hacking and fraud. 
• UNCC strongly focuses on privacy and human rights protections and the Budapest Convention had limited focus on human rights.
• UNCC has extensive provisions for assistance to developing countries and this is in contrast to the Budapest Convention which did not focus much on capacity building.

Future Outlook

The development of the UNCC was a complex process. The diverse views on key issues have been noted and balancing different legal systems, cultural perspectives and policy priorities has been a challenge. The rapid technology evolution that is taking place requires the Convention to be adaptable to effectively address emerging cyber threats. Striking a balance remains a critical concern. The Convention aims to provide a blended approach to tackling cybercrime by addressing the needs of countries, both developed and developing.

Conclusion

The resolution containing the UN Convention against Cybercrime is a step in global cooperation to combat cybercrime. It was adopted without a vote by the 193-member General Assembly and is expected to enter into force 90 days after ratification by the 40th signatory. The negotiations and consultations are finalised for the Convention and it is open for adoption and ratification by member states. It seeks to provide a comprehensive legal framework that addresses the challenges posed by cyber threats while respecting human rights and promoting international collaboration. 

References

• https://consultation.dpmc.govt.nz/un-cybercrime-convention/principlesandobjectives/supporting_documents/Background.pdf 
• https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/12/1158521 
• https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2024/INTERPOL-welcomes-adoption-of-UN-convention-against-cybercrime#:~:text=The%20UN%20convention%20establishes%20a,and%20grooming%3B%20and%20money%20laundering 
• https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/united-nations-adopts-landmark-global-treaty-to-combat-cybercrime-19529854.htm 

Artificial Intelligence (AI) provides a varied range of services and continues to catch intrigue and experimentation. It has altered how we create and consume content. Specific prompts can now be used to create desired images enhancing experiences of storytelling and even education. However, as this content can influence public perception, its potential to cause misinformation must be noted as well. The realistic nature of the images can make it hard to discern as artificially generated by the untrained eye. As AI operates by analysing the data it was trained on previously to deliver, the lack of contextual knowledge and human biases (while framing prompts) also come into play. The stakes are higher whilst dabbling with subjects such as history, as there is a fine line between the creation of content with the intent of mere entertainment and the spread of misinformation owing to biases and lack of veracity left unchecked. AI-generated images enhance storytelling but can also spread misinformation, especially in historical contexts. For instance, an AI-generated image of London during the Black Death might include inaccurate details, misleading viewers about the past.

The Rise of AI-Generated Historical Images as Entertainment

Recently, generated images and videos of various historical instances along with the point of view of the people present have been floating all over the internet. Some of them include the streets of London during the Black Death in the 1300s in England, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius at Pompeii etc. Hogne and Dan, two creators who operate accounts named POV Lab and Time Traveller POV on TikTok state that they create such videos as they feel that seeing the past through a first-person perspective is an interesting way to bring history back to life while highlighting the cool parts, helping the audience learn something new. Mostly sensationalised for visual impact and storytelling, such content has been called out by historians for inconsistencies with respect to details particular of the time. Presently, artists admit to their creations being inaccurate, reasoning them to be more of an artistic interpretation than fact-checked documentaries. 

It is important to note that AI models may inaccurately depict objects (issues with lateral inversion), people(anatomical implausibilities), or scenes due to "present-ist" bias. As noted by Lauren Tilton, an associate professor of digital humanities at the University of Richmond, many AI models primarily rely on data from the last 15 years, making them prone to modern-day distortions especially when analysing and creating historical content. The idea is to spark interest rather than replace genuine historical facts while it is assumed that engagement with these images and videos is partly a product of the fascination with upcoming AI tools. Apart from this, there are also chatbots like Hello History and Charater.ai which enable simulations of interacting with historical figures that have piqued curiosity.

Although it makes for an interesting perspective, one cannot ignore that our inherent biases play a role in how we perceive the information presented. Dangerous consequences include feeding into conspiracy theories and the erasure of facts as information is geared particularly toward garnering attention and providing entertainment. Furthermore, exposure of such content to an impressionable audience with a lesser attention span increases the gravity of the matter. In such cases, information regarding the sources used for creation becomes an important factor.

Acknowledging the risks posed by AI-generated images and their susceptibility to create misinformation, the Government of Spain has taken a step in regulating the AI content created. It has passed a bill (for regulating AI-Generated content) that mandates the labelling of AI-generated images and failure to do so would warrant massive fines (up to $38 million or 7% of turnover on companies). The idea is to ensure that content creators label their content which would help to spot images that are artificially created from those that are not.

The Way Forward: Navigating AI and Misinformation

While AI-generated images make for exciting possibilities for storytelling and enabling intrigue, their potential to spread misinformation should not be overlooked. To address these challenges, certain measures should be encouraged.

1. Media Literacy and Awareness – In this day and age critical thinking and media literacy among consumers of content is imperative. Awareness, understanding, and access to tools that aid in detecting AI-generated content can prove to be helpful.
2. AI Transparency and Labeling – Implementing regulations similar to Spain’s bill on labelling content could be a guiding crutch for people who have yet to learn to tell apart AI-generated content from others.
3. Ethical AI Development – AI developers must prioritize ethical considerations in training using diverse and historically accurate datasets and sources which would minimise biases.

As AI continues to evolve, balancing innovation with responsibility is essential. By taking proactive measures in the early stages, we can harness AI's potential while safeguarding the integrity and trust of the sources while generating images.

References:

• https://www.npr.org/2023/06/07/1180768459/how-to-identify-ai-generated-deepfake-images
• https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/ai-image-misinformation-surged-google-research-finds-rcna154333
• https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy87076pdw3o
• https://newskarnataka.com/technology/government-releases-guide-to-help-citizens-identify-ai-generated-images/21052024/
• https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/04/11/1071104/ai-helping-historians-analyze-past/
• https://www.psypost.org/ai-models-struggle-with-expert-level-global-history-knowledge/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M65IYIWlqes&t=2597s
• https://www.vice.com/en/article/people-are-creating-records-of-fake-historical-events-using-ai/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
• https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/spain-impose-massive-fines-not-labelling-ai-generated-content-2025-03-11/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
• https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/sep/13/documentary-ai-guidelines?utm_source=chatgpt.com

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Introduction

We stand at the edge of a reality once confined to science fiction, a world where the very creations designed to serve us could redefine what it means to be human, rewriting the paradigm we built them in. The increasing prevalence of robotics and embodied AI systems in everyday life and cyber-physical settings draws attention to a complicated network of issues at the intersection of cybersecurity, human-to-robot trust, and robotic safety. The development of robotics cannot be perceived as a novelty or a fleeting interest area for enthusiasts, it has developed into a force that enters the area of human life that is private and has historically been reserved for human connection and care. We live in an era where countries can no longer afford to fall behind, at a time when technological prowess determines global influence. The new development currency of the 21st century is “Techno-sovereign”, meaning that one must be able to innovate as well as incorporate robotics, artificial intelligence, and other technologies.

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Entering the Robotic Renaissance

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The recent unveiling of the humanoid “pregnancy robot” presents the next frontier in reproductive robotics, garnering both criticism and support. Although this bold innovation holds promise, it also presents unavoidable cybersecurity, privacy, and ethical conundrums. The humanoid is being developed by Kaiwa Technology under the direction of Dr. Zhang Qifeng, who is also connected to Nanyang Technological University. As per the report of ECNS, he presented his idea for a robotic surrogate that could carry a child for a full-term pregnancy at the 2025 World Robot Conference in Beijing. While the technology is indubitably groundbreaking, it raises a lot of ethical and moral concerns as well as legal concerns, as surrogacy is banned in China.

Alongside the concerns raised by various segments of doctors, feminists who argue on the devaluation and pathologising of pregnancy, it also raises various cybersecurity concerns, keeping in mind the interpersonal and intimate nature of human connections, where robotics are now making headway. Pregnancy is inherently intimate. Our understanding of bodily autonomy is blurred when we move into the realm of machinery. From artificial amniotic fluid sensors to embryo data, every layer of this technology becomes a possible attack vector. Robots with artificial wombs are essentially IoT-powered medical systems. As per the research conducted by the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Cornell University, “our lives have been made easier by the incorporation of AI into robotics systems, but there is a significant drawback as well: these systems are susceptible to security breaches. Malicious actors may take advantage of the data, algorithms, and physical components that make up AI-Robotics systems, which can cast a debilitating impact.

The Robotic Pivot: The Market’s Greatest Disruption

The humanoid “pregnancy robot” is not the only robotic innovation planning to take the industry for a whirlwind. China is pushing the boundaries amidst the escalating trade wars. Beijing is stepping up its efforts in sectors where it has the capacity and necessity to advance before the US. China’s leaders see AI as a source of national pride, a means of enhancing its military might, and a long-standing problem of Western dominance.  The proof lies in the fact that Beijing hosted the first World Humanoid Robot Games, reflecting China’s dual goals of showcasing its technological prowess as it moves closer to establishing itself as a dominant force in artificial intelligence applied to robotics and bringing people closer to machines that will eventually play a bigger role in daily life and the economy.

Despite China’s prominence, it is not the only country that sees the potential in AI-enabled robotics. Indian Space Research Organisation’s chairman V Narayanan announced that the humanoid robot Gaganyaan programme’s first uncrewed mission G1 would be launched with humanoid robot Vyommitra in December.

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Conclusion

The emergence of robotics holds both great potential and significant obstacles holds both great potential and significant obstacles. Robots have the potential to revolutionise accessibility and efficiency in a variety of fields, including healthcare and space exploration, but only if human trust, ethics, and cybersecurity keep up with technological advancements. This is not a far-flung issue for India, rather, it is a pressing appeal to properly lead in a world where technological sovereignty is equivalent to world power. 

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References

• https://nurse.org/news/pregnancy-robot-artificial-womb-china/ 
• https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/chinas-2026-humanoid-robot-pregnancy-with-artificial-womb-a-revolutionary-leap-in-reproductive-technology/articleshow/123357813.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com 
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.08565 
• https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/21/humanoid-workers-and-surveillance-buggies-embodied-ai-is-reshaping-daily-life-in-china 
• https://english.elpais.com/technology/2025-08-21/china-stages-first-robot-olympics-to-showcase-its-tech-ambition.html ‍
• https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/1st-non-crew-gaganyaan-mission-to-launch-in-dec-with-robot-vyommitra/