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The World Wide Web was created as a portal for communication, to connect people from far away, and while it started with electronic mail, mail moved to instant messaging, which let people have conversations and interact with each other from afar in real-time. But now, the new paradigm is the Internet of Things and how machines can communicate with one another. Now one can use a wearable gadget that can unlock the front door upon arrival at home and can message the air conditioner so that it switches on. This is IoT.

WHAT EXACTLY IS IoT?

The term ‘Internet of Things’ was coined in 1999 by Kevin Ashton, a computer scientist who put Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chips on products in order to track them in the supply chain, while he worked at Proctor & Gamble (P&G). And after the launch of the iPhone in 2007, there were already more connected devices than people on the planet.

Fast forward to today and we live in a more connected world than ever. So much so that even our handheld devices and household appliances can now connect and communicate through a vast network that has been built so that data can be transferred and received between devices. There are currently more IoT devices than users in the world and according to the WEF’s report on State of the Connected World, by 2025 there will be more than 40 billion such devices that will record data so it can be analyzed.

IoT finds use in many parts of our lives. It has helped businesses streamline their operations, reduce costs, and improve productivity. IoT also helped during the Covid-19 pandemic, with devices that could help with contact tracing and wearables that could be used for health monitoring. All of these devices are able to gather, store and share data so that it can be analyzed. The information is gathered according to rules set by the people who build these systems.

APPLICATION OF IoT

IoT is used by both consumers and the industry.

Some of the widely used examples of CIoT (Consumer IoT) are wearables like health and fitness trackers, smart rings with near-field communication (NFC), and smartwatches. Smartwatches gather a lot of personal data. Smart clothing, with sensors on it, can monitor the wearer’s vital signs. There are even smart jewelry, which can monitor sleeping patterns and also stress levels.

With the advent of virtual and augmented reality, the gaming industry can now make the experience even more immersive and engrossing. Smart glasses and headsets are used, along with armbands fitted with sensors that can detect the movement of arms and replicate the movement in the game.

At home, there are smart TVs, security cameras, smart bulbs, home control devices, and other IoT-enabled ‘smart’ appliances like coffee makers, that can be turned on through an app, or at a particular time in the morning so that it acts as an alarm. There are also voice-command assistants like Alexa and Siri, and these work with software written by manufacturers that can understand simple instructions.

Industrial IoT (IIoT) mainly uses connected machines for the purposes of synchronization, efficiency, and cost-cutting. For example, smart factories gather and analyze data as the work is being done. Sensors are also used in agriculture to check soil moisture levels, and these then automatically run the irrigation system without the need for human intervention.

Statistics

• The IoT device market is poised to reach $1.4 trillion by 2027, according to Fortune Business Insight.
• The number of cellular IoT connections is expected to reach 3.5 billion by 2023. (Forbes)
• The amount of data generated by IoT devices is expected to reach 73.1 ZB (zettabytes) by 2025.
• 94% of retailers agree that the benefits of implementing IoT outweigh the risk.
• 55% of companies believe that 3^rd party IoT providers should have to comply with IoT security and privacy regulations.
• 53% of all users acknowledge that wearable devices will be vulnerable to data breaches, viruses,
• Companies could invest up to 15 trillion dollars in IoT by 2025 (Gigabit)

CONCERNS AND SOLUTIONS

• Two of the biggest concerns with IoT devices are the privacy of users and the devices being secure in order to prevent attacks by bad actors. This makes knowledge of how these things work absolutely imperative.
• It is worth noting that these devices all work with a central hub, like a smartphone. This means that it pairs with the smartphone through an app and acts as a gateway, which could compromise the smartphone as well if a hacker were to target that IoT device.
• With technology like smart television sets that have cameras and microphones, the major concern is that hackers could hack and take over the functioning of the television as these are not adequately secured by the manufacturer.
• A hacker could control the camera and cyberstalk the victim, and therefore it is very important to become familiar with the features of a device and ensure that it is well protected from any unauthorized usage. Even simple things, like keeping the camera covered when it is not being used.
• There is also the concern that since IoT devices gather and share data without human intervention, they could be transmitting data that the user does not want to share. This is true of health trackers. Users who wear heart and blood pressure monitors have their data sent to the insurance company, who may then decide to raise the premium on their life insurance based on the data they get.
• IoT devices often keep functioning as normal even if they have been compromised. Most devices do not log an attack or alert the user, and changes like higher power or bandwidth usage go unnoticed after the attack. It is therefore very important to make sure the device is properly protected.
• It is also important to keep the software of the device updated as vulnerabilities are found in the code and fixes are provided by the manufacturer. Some IoT devices, however, lack the capability to be patched and are therefore permanently ‘at risk’.

CONCLUSION

Humanity inhabits this world that is made up of all these nodes that talk to each other and get things done. Users can harmonize their devices so that everything runs like a tandem bike – completely in sync with all other parts. But while we make use of all the benefits, it is also very important that one understands what they are using, how it is functioning, and how one can tackle issues should they come up. This is also important to understand because once people get used to IoT, it will be that much more difficult to give up the comfort and ease that these systems provide, and therefore it would make more sense to be prepared for any eventuality. A lot of times, good and sensible usage alone can keep devices safe and services intact. But users should be aware of any issues because forewarned is forearmed.

Introduction

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On June 2, 2026, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order called "Promoting Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security." The order tells federal agencies to improve cyber defences against AI-based threats and creates a system where AI companies can choose to let the government access powerful new models before they are released to the public. This happens as the U.S. and China are in a heated competition to lead the next generation of AI. While the order only affects the United States, its impact could reach the global AI industry, including India.

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What Does the Executive Order Do?

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The White House order focuses on three areas: First, it aims to upgrade government cyber security. Federal agencies must strengthen their information systems with AI-enabled defences within 30 days. Cyber Security and Infrastructure Agency (CISA) will issue new guidelines for civilian agencies, and an AI Cyber security Clearinghouse will be established for the government and private companies to share and resolve software vulnerabilities. 

Second, the order introduces a voluntary pre-release review process for advanced AI models. Before a new model is publicly available, AI companies can give the government up to 30 days to evaluate it for cyber security risks. An earlier draft proposed a 90-day review period, but this was cut back due to feedback from the technology industry. The government will also create classified benchmarks to figure out which models qualify as a “covered frontier model” and are therefore subject to this review process. 

Finally, the order emphasises criminal enforcement. It prioritises legal action against those who use AI tools to commit cybercrimes. 

According to the White House, the aim is to promote AI innovation and security by collaborating with the private sector to modernise government and private information systems and protect them from external threats.

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Why Does This Matter Globally?

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1. AI Is Now a National Security Issue Until recently, most governments viewed AI as an economic or scientific issue. This order officially changes that for the United States, placing advanced AI alongside other sensitive technologies that need government oversight before deployment.  When the world's largest military makes this change, other governments pay attention. Countries allied with or partnering with the U.S. will likely revisit their own AI governance frameworks in the months ahead. 

2. Two Competing Models for the World The U.S. and EU represent two different approaches to AI governance. The EU AI Act lays down strict rules, is focused on ethics, and requires heavy compliance. The US approach is lighter on ethics, promoting voluntary cooperation, prioritising security, and encouraging innovation. Countries developing their own AI policies will either continue to align with one of these models or take ideas from both.  The Atlantic Council has pointed out that if the U.S. model is successful, it could influence international security standards for AI development, even without formal global agreements. 

3. The China Factor  Trump initially delayed signing the order, worried it would slow down American companies and give China an edge. The final version avoids mandatory licensing requirements but clearly indicates that the U.S. aims to lead, not only in building AI but also in securing it. China is likely to respond by speeding up its own evaluation systems, creating another global framework.

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What Could This Mean for India?

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India has taken a careful, non-mandatory approach to AI governance. MeitY's India AI Governance Guidelines, issued in November 2025, are based on principles and are not binding. India's AI Safety Institute has been announced but is not fully operational.  Efforts to create binding regulation have been seen in actions like the Private Member's Bill, the AI Ethics and Accountability Bill, 2025, introduced in the Lok Sabha. This bill suggests mandatory reviews for high-risk AI systems but has not been passed yet. It's important to note that groups like the AI Governance Expert Group (AIGEG) and the Technology and Policy Expert Committee (TPEC) serve only in an advisory role; they do not have legislative power. As a result, nothing binding has been implemented so far.  The Trump order puts additional pressure on India to pass measurable, binding AI-security-related measures. As AI use increases in banking, healthcare, telecommunications, and government services and frontier AI models continue to evolve without global oversight, stronger security evaluation methods are becoming necessary, especially in critical sectors.

Recent events prove this need. In June 2026, a Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack hit the CBSE's On-Screen Marking portal. It saw 1.5 million requests in two minutes and over one lakh unauthorised file access attempts targeting a system used by millions of students. Similar attacks have impacted AIIMS Delhi and other public digital infrastructure. As AI tools make these attacks easier to carry out, security testing before deployment can no longer be seen as optional.

For Indian AI companies aiming at global markets, the U.S. framework is also important for business. Standards that are set voluntarily in Washington often become necessary for international partnerships and contracts.

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Conclusion

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Trump's AI cyber security order signals a shift. A government that resisted regulating AI has now recognised that powerful models need oversight before they reach the public. Its immediate impact affects U.S. agencies and developers. However, the broader message is that advanced AI is a national security concern. This will influence policy conversations around the world. For India, the priority is to develop its own security evaluation capacity now, rather than waiting to adopt frameworks created for other contexts.

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References

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• White House Executive Order, "Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security," June 2, 2026
• Federal Register — Executive Order Publication, June 5, 2026
• Council on Foreign Relations — Assessing Trump's Executive Order on AI Oversight, June 4, 2026
• Atlantic Council — Reading Between the Lines of Trump's New Executive Order on AI, June 3, 2026
• Times of India — Donald Trump Passes AI Cyber security Order
• MeitY India AI Governance Guidelines, November 2025
• AI Ethics and Accountability Bill, 2025 — Explained
• NPR — Trump Signs EO Seeking Early Government Access to Powerful AI Models

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Introduction 

India envisions reaching its goal of becoming Viksit Bharat by 2047. With a net-zero emissions target by 2070, it has already reduced GDP emission intensity by 36% (from 2005 to 2020) and is working towards a 45% reduction goal by 2030. This will help the country achieve economic growth while minimizing environmental impact, ensuring sustainable development for the future. The 2025 Union Budget prioritises energy security, clean energy expansion, and green tech manufacturing. Furthermore, India’s promotion of sustainability policies in startups, MSMEs, and clean tech shows its commitment to COP28 and SDGs. India’s key policy developments for sustainability and energy efficiency include the Energy Conservation Act (2022), PAT scheme, S&L scheme, and the Energy Conservation Building Code, driving decarbonization, energy efficiency, and a sustainable future.

India’s Policy and Regulatory Landscape 

The Indian law of Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act which was enacted in 2022 aims at enhancing energy efficiency while ensuring economic growth. It works on the aim of reducing emission intensity by 2030. The Act tackles regulatory, financial, and awareness barriers to promote energy-saving technologies. Next, the Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) Scheme improves cost-effective energy efficiency in energy-intensive industries through tradable energy-saving certificates. Adding on, the PLI Scheme boosts green manufacturing by attracting investments, both domestically and internationally. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) enforces Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) and star ratings for appliances, guiding consumers toward energy-efficient choices. These initiatives collectively drive carbon reduction and sustainable energy use in India.

Growth of Energy-Efficient Technologies 

India has been making massive strides in its integration of renewable energy, such as solar and wind energies, mainly due to improvements in storage technologies. Another key development is the real-time optimization of energy usage through smart grids and AI-driven energy management. The EV and green mobility boom has been charged through by the rapid expansion of charging infrastructure and the policy interventions to support the shift. The building of green building codes and IoT-driven energy management has led to building efficiency, and finally, the efforts for industrial energy optimisation have been met through AI/ML-driven demand-side management in heavy industries. 

Market Trends, Investment, and Industry Adoption 

The World Energy Investment Report 2024 (IEA) projects global energy investment to surpass $3 trillion, with $2 trillion allocated to clean energy. India’s clean energy investment reached $68 billion in 2023, a 40%+ rise from 2016-2020, with nearly 50% directed toward low-emission power, including solar PV. Investment is set to double by 2030 but needs a 20% further rise to meet climate goals.

India’s ESG push is driven by Net Zero 2070, SEBI’s BRSR mandates, and UN SDGs, with rising scrutiny on corporate governance. ESG-aligned investments are expanding, reinforcing sustainability. Meanwhile, energy efficiency in manufacturing minimizes waste and environmental impact, while digital transformation in energy management boosts renewable integration, grid reliability, and cost efficiency, ensuring a sustainable energy transition.

The Way Forward 

There are multiple implementation bottlenecks present for the active policies which include infrastructure paucity, financing issues and even the on-ground implementational challenges of the active policies. To combat these issues India needs to adopt measures for promoting public-private partnerships to scale energy-efficient solutions. Incentives for industries to adopt green technologies should be strengthened (tax exemptions and subsidies for specific periods), with increased R&D support and regulatory sandboxes to encourage adoption. Finally, the role of industries, policymakers and consumers needs to be in tandem to accelerate the efforts made towards a sustainable and green future for India. Emerging technologies play an important in bridging gaps and aim towards the adoption of global best practices for India.

References

• https://instituteofsustainabilitystudies.com/insights/lexicon/green-technologies-innovations-opportunities-challenges/
• https://powermin.gov.in/sites/default/files/The_Energy_Conservation_Amendment_Act_2022_0.pdf‍
• https://www.ibef.org/blogs/esg-investing-in-india-navigating-environmental-social-and-governance-factors-for-sustainable-growth