Centre Proposes New Bills for Criminal Law
Introduction
Criminal justice in India is majorly governed by three laws which are – Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code and Indian Evidence Act. The centre, on 11th August 2023’ Friday, proposes a new bill in parliament Friday, which is replacing the country’s major criminal laws, i.e. Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code and Indian Evidence Act.
The following three bills are being proposed to replace major criminal laws in the country:
- The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023 to replace Indian Penal Code 1860.
- The Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita Bill, 2023, to replace The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973.
- The Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023, to replace The Indian Evidence Act 1872.
Cyber law-oriented view of the new shift in criminal lawNotable changes:Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023 Indian Penal Code 1860.
Way ahead for digitalisation
The new laws aim to enhance the utilisation of digital services in court systems, it facilitates online registration of FIR, Online filing of the charge sheet, serving summons in electronic mode, trial and proceedings in electronic mode etc. The new bills also allow the virtual appearance of witnesses, accused, experts, and victims in some instances. This shift will lead to the adoption of technology in courts and all courts to be computerised in the upcoming time.
Enhanced recognition of electronic records
With the change in lifestyle in terms of the digital sphere, significance is given to recognising electronic records as equal to paper records.
Conclusion
The criminal laws of the country play a significant role in establishing law & order and providing justice. The criminal laws of India were the old laws existing under British rule. There have been several amendments to criminal laws to deal with the growing crimes and new aspects. However, there was a need for well-established criminal laws which are in accordance with the present era. The step of the legislature by centralising all criminal laws in their new form and introducing three bills is a good approach which will ultimately strengthen the criminal justice system in India, and it will also facilitate the use of technology in the court system.
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Executive Summary:
A video purporting to be from Lal Chowk in Srinagar, which features Lord Ram's hologram on a clock tower, has gone popular on the internet. The footage is from Dehradun, Uttarakhand, not Jammu and Kashmir, the CyberPeace Research Team discovered.
Claims:
A Viral 48-second clip is getting shared over the Internet mostly in X and Facebook, The Video shows a car passing by the clock tower with the picture of Lord Ram. A screen showcasing songs about Lord Ram is shown when the car goes forward and to the side of the road.
The Claim is that the Video is from Kashmir, Srinagar
Similar Post:
Fact Check:
The CyberPeace Research team found that the Information is false. Firstly we did some keyword search relating to the Caption and found that the Clock Tower in Srinagar is not similar to the Video.
We found an article by NDTV mentioning Srinagar Lal Chowk’s Clock Tower, It's the only Clock Tower in the Middle of Road. We are somewhat confirmed that the Video is not From Srinagar. We then ran a reverse image search of the Video by breaking down into frames.
We found another Video that visualizes a similar structure tower in Dehradun.
Taking a cue from this we then Searched for the Tower in Dehradun and tried to see if it matches with the Video, and yes it’s confirmed that the Tower is a Clock Tower in Paltan Bazar, Dehradun and the Video is actually From Dehradun but not from Srinagar.
Conclusion:
After a thorough Fact Check Investigation of the Video and the originality of the Video, we found that the Visualisation of Lord Ram in the Clock Tower is not from Srinagar but from Dehradun. Internet users who claim the Visual of Lord Ram from Srinagar is totally Baseless and Misinformation.
- Claim: The Hologram of Lord Ram on the Clock Tower of Lal Chowk, Srinagar
- Claimed on: Facebook, X
- Fact Check: Fake
Introduction:
Welcome to the third edition of our blog on digital forensics series. In our previous blog we discussed the difference between copying, cloning, and imaging in the context of Digital Forensics, and found out why imaging is a better process. Today we will discuss the process of evidence collection in Digital Forensics. The whole process starts with making sure the evidence collection team has all necessary tools required for the task.
Investigating Tools and Equipment:
Below are some mentioned tools that the team should carry with them for a successful evidence collection:
- Anti-static bags
- Faraday bags
- Toolkit having screwdrivers(nonmagnetic), scissors, pins, cutters, forceps, clips etc.
- Rubber gloves
- Incident response toolkit (Software)
- Converter/Adapter: USB, SATA, IDE, SCSI
- Imaging software
- Volatile data collection tools (FTK Imager, Magnet Forensics RAM Capture)
- Pens, permanent markers
- Storage containers
- Batteries
- Video cameras
- Note/sketch pads
- Blank storage media
- Write-Blocker device
- Labels
- Crime scene security tapes
- Camera
What sources of Data are necessary for Digital Evidence?
- Hard-Drive (Desktop, Laptop, External, Server)
- Flash Drive
- SD Cards
- Floppy Disks
- Optical Media (CD, DVD)
- CCTV/DVR
- Internal Storage of Mobile Device
- GPS (Mobile/Car)
- Call Site Track (Towers)
- RAM
Evidence Collection
The investigators encounter two primary types of evidence during the course of gathering evidence: non-electronic and electronic evidence.
The following approaches could be used to gather non-electronic evidence:
- In the course of looking into electronic crimes, recovering non-electronic evidence can be extremely important. Be cautious to make sure that this kind of evidence is retrieved and kept safe. Items that may be relevant to a later review of electronic evidence include passwords, papers or printouts, calendars, literature, hardware and software manuals, text or graphical computer printouts, and photos. These items should be secured and kept for further examination.
- They are frequently found close to the computer or other related hardware. Locating, securing, and preserving all evidence is required by departmental procedures.
Three scenarios arise for the collection of digital evidence from computers:
Situation 1: The desktop is visible, and the monitor is on.
- Take a picture of the screen and note the data that is visible.
- Utilize tools for memory capturing to gather volatile data.
- Look for virtual disks. If so, gather mounted data's logical copies.
- Give each port and connection a label.
- Take a picture of them.
- Turn off network access to stop remote access.
- Cut off the power or turn it off.
- Locate and disconnect the hard drive by opening the CPU chassis.
- Take all evidence and place it in anti-magnetic (Faraday) bags.
- Deliver the evidence to the forensic lab.
- Keep the chain of custody intact.
Situation 2: The monitor is turned on, but it either has a blank screen (sleep mode) or an image for the screensaver.
- Make a small mouse movement (without pressing buttons). The work product should appear on the screen, or it should ask for a password.
- If moving the mouse does not result in a change to the screen, stop using the mouse and stop all keystrokes.
- Take a picture of the screen and note the data that is visible.
- Use memory capturing tools to gather volatile data (always use a write blocker to prevent manipulation during data collection).
- Proceed further in accordance with Situation 1.
Situation 3: The Monitor Is Off
- Write down the "off" status.
- After turning on the monitor, check to see if its status matches that of situations 1 or 2 above, and then take the appropriate action.
- Using a phone modem, cable, confirm that you are connected to the outside world. Try to find the phone number if there is a connection to the phone.
- To protect evidence, take out the floppy disks that might be there, package each disk separately, and label the evidence. Put in a blank floppy disk or a seizure disk, if one is available. Avoid touching the CD drive or taking out CDs.
- Cover the power connector and every drive slot with tape.
- Note the serial number, make, and model.
- Take a picture of the computer's connections and make a diagram with the relevant cables.
- To enable precise reassembly at a later date, label all connectors and cable ends, including connections to peripheral devices. Put "unused" on any connection ports that are not in use. Recognize docking stations for laptop computers in an attempt to locate additional storage media.
- All evidence should be seized and placed in anti-magnetic (Faraday) bags.
- All evidence should be seized and placed in anti-magnetic (Faraday) bags.
- Put a tag or label on every bag.
- Deliver the evidence to the forensic lab.
- Keep the chain of custody intact.
Following the effective gathering of data, the following steps in the process are crucial: data packaging, data transportation, and data storage.
The following are the steps involved in data packaging, transportation, and storage:
Packaging:
- Label every computer system that is gathered so that it can be put back together exactly as it was found
When gathering evidence at a scene of crime,
- Before packing, make sure that every piece of evidence has been appropriately labeled and documented.
- Latent or trace evidence requires particular attention, and steps should be taken to preserve it.
- Use paper or antistatic plastic bags for packing magnetic media to prevent static electricity. Do not use materials like regular plastic bags (instead use faraday bags) that can cause static electricity.
- Be careful not to bend, fold, computer media like tapes, or CD-ROM.
- Make sure that the labels on every container used to store evidence are correct.
Transporting
- Make sure devices are not packed in containers and are safely fastened inside the car to avoid shock and excessive vibrations. Computers could be positioned on the floor of the car,and monitors could be mounted on the seat with the screen down .
When transporting evidence—
- Any electronic evidence should be kept away from magnetic sources. Radiation transmitters, speaker magnets, and heated seats are a few examples of items that can contaminate electronic evidence.
- Avoid leaving electronic evidence in your car for longer than necessary. Electronic devices can be harmed by extremes in temperature, humidity.
- Maintain the integrity of the chain of custody while transporting any evidence.
Storing
- Evidence should be kept safe and away from extremes in humidity and temperature. Keep it away from dust, moisture, magnetic devices, and other dangerous impurities. Be advised that extended storage may cause important evidence—like dates, times, and system configurations—to disappear. Because batteries have a finite lifespan, data loss may occur if they malfunction. Whenever the battery operated device needs immediate attention, it should be informed to the relevant authority (eg., the chief of laboratory, the forensic examiner, and the custodian of the evidence).
CONCLUSION:
Thus, securing the crime scene to packaging, transportation and storage of data are the important steps in the process of collecting digital evidence in forensic investigations. Keeping the authenticity during the process along with their provenance is critical during this phase. It is also important to ensure the admissibility of evidence in legal proceedings. This systematic approach is essential for effectively investigating and prosecuting digital crimes.
Introduction
The advancement of technology has brought about remarkable changes in the aviation industry, including the introduction of inflight internet access systems. While these systems provide passengers with connectivity during their flights, they also introduce potential vulnerabilities that can compromise the security of aircraft systems.
Inflight Internet Access Systems
Inflight internet access systems have become integral to the modern air travel experience, allowing passengers to stay connected even at 30,000 feet. However, these systems can also be attractive targets for hackers, raising concerns about the safety and security of aircraft operations.
The Vulnerabilities of Inflight Internet Access Systems:
Securing Networked Avionics
Avionics, the electronic systems that support aircraft operation, play a crucial role in flight safety and navigation. While networked avionics are designed with robust security measures, they are not invulnerable to cyber threats. Therefore, it is essential to implement comprehensive security measures to protect these critical systems.
- Ensuring Robust Architecture: Networked avionics should be designed with a strong focus on security. Implementing secure network architectures, such as segmentation and isolation, can minimise the risk of unauthorised access and limit the potential impact of a breach.
- Rigorous Security Testing: Avionics systems should undergo rigorous security testing to identify vulnerabilities and weaknesses. Regular assessments, penetration testing, and vulnerability scanning are essential to proactively address any security flaws.
- Collaborative Industry Efforts: Collaboration between manufacturers, airlines, regulatory bodies, and security researchers is crucial in strengthening the security of networked avionics. Sharing information, best practices, and lessons learned can help identify and address emerging threats effectively.
- Continuous Monitoring and Updtes: Networked avionics should be continuously monitored for any potential security breaches. Prompt updates and patches should be applied to address newly discovered vulnerabilities and protect against known attack vectors.
Best practices to be adopted for the security of Aircraft Systems
- Holistic Security Approach: Recognizing the interconnectedness of inflight internet access systems and networked avionics is essential. A holistic security approach should be adopted to address vulnerabilities in both systems and protect the overall aircraft infrastructure.
- Comprehensive Security Measures: The security of inflight internet access systems should be on par with any other internet-connected device. Strong authentication, encryption, intrusion detection, and prevention systems should be implemented to mitigate risks and ensure the integrity of data transmissions.
- Responsible Practices and Industry Collaboration: Encouraging responsible practices and fostering collaboration between security researchers and industry stakeholders can accelerate the identification and remediation of vulnerabilities. Open communication channels and a cooperative mindset are vital in addressing emerging threats effectively.
- Robust Access Controls: Strong access controls, such as multi-factor authentication and role-based access, should be implemented to limit unauthorised access to avionics systems. Only authorised personnel should have the necessary privileges to interact with these critical systems.
Conclusion
Inflight internet access systems bring convenience and connectivity to air travel but also introduce potential risks to the security of aircraft systems. It is crucial to understand and address the vulnerabilities associated with these systems to protect networked avionics and ensure passenger safety. By implementing robust security measures, conducting regular assessments, fostering collaboration, and adopting a comprehensive approach to aircraft cybersecurity, the aviation industry can mitigate the risks and navigate the sky with enhanced safety and confidence. Inflight internet access systems and networked avionics are vital components of modern aircraft, providing connectivity and supporting critical flight operations. Balancing connectivity and cybersecurity is crucial to ensure the safety and integrity of aircraft systems.